Publications
McNair, C.G., Kier, W.M., LaCroix, P.D. and Linsley, R.M. (1981) The functional significance of aperture form in gastropods. Lethaia 14: 63-70.
Kier, W.M. (1982) The functional morphology of the musculature of squid (Loliginidae) arms and tentacles. Journal of Morphology 172: 179-192.
Linsley, R.M. and Kier, W.M. (1984) The Paragastropoda: A proposal for a new class of Paleozoic Mollusca. Malacologia 25: 241-254.
Kier, W.M. and Smith, K.K. (1985) Tongues, tentacles and trunks: The biomechanics of movement in muscular-hydrostats. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 83: 307-324.
Kier, W.M. (1985) The musculature of squid arms and tentacles: Ultrastructural evidence for functional differences. Journal of Morphology 185: 223-239.
Kier, W.M., Messenger, J.B. and Miyan, J.A. (1985) Mechanoreceptors in the fins of the cuttlefish, Sepia officinalis. Journal of Experimental Biology 119: 369-373.
Kier, W.M. (1987) The functional morphology of the tentacle musculature of Nautilus pompilius. In Nautilus: Biology and Paleobiology of the Living Fossil, Saunders, W.B. and Landman, N.H. (Eds.). pp. 257-269. New York: Plenum.
Kier, W.M. (1988) The arrangement and function of molluscan muscle. In The Mollusca, Form and Function, Trueman, E.R. and Clarke, M.R. (Eds.), Wilbur, K.M. (Ed.-in-Chief). 11: 211-252. New York: Academic Press.
Smith, K.K. and Kier, W.M. (1989) Trunks, tongues, and tentacles: Moving with skeletons of muscle. American Scientist 77: 28-35.
Kier, W.M. (1989) The fin musculature of cuttlefish and squid (Mollusca, Cephalopoda): Morphology and mechanics. Journal of Zoology (London) 217: 23-38.
Kier, W.M., Smith, K.K., and Miyan, J.A. (1989) Electromyography of the fin musculature of the cuttlefish, Sepia officinalis. Journal of Experimental Biology 143: 17-31.
Kier, W.M. and Smith, A.M. (1990) The morphology and mechanics of octopus suckers. Biological Bulletin 178: 126-136.
Westbrook, A.L., Haire, M.E., Kier, W.M., and Bollenbacher, W.E. (1991) Three-dimensional architecture of identified neurosecretory cells in an insect. Journal of Morphology 208: 161-174.
Kier, W.M. (1991) Squid cross-striated muscle: the evolution of a specialized muscle fiber type. Bulletin of Marine Science. 49: 389-403.
Kier, W.M. (1992) Hydrostatic skeletons and muscular hydrostats. In: Biomechanics (Structures and Systems): A Practical Approach. Biewener, A.A. (Ed.), IRL Press at Oxford University Press.
Kier, W.M. and Schachat, F.H. (1992) Biochemical comparison of fast- and slow-contracting squid muscle. Journal of Experimental Biology 168: 41-56.
Smith, A.M., Kier, W.M., Johnsen, S. (1993) The effect of depth on the attachment force of limpets. Biological Bulletin. 184: 338-341.
Johnsen, S. and Kier, W.M. (1993) Intramuscular crossed connective tissue fibres: skeletal support in the lateral fins of squid and cuttlefish. Journal of Zoology. 231: 311-338.
McCurley, R.S. and Kier, W.M. (1995) The functional morphology of starfish tube feet: the role of a crossed-fiber helical array in movement. Biological Bulletin. 188: 197-209.
Kier, W. M. (1996) Muscle development in squid: ultrastructural differentiation of a specialized muscle fiber type. Journal of Morphology. 229: 271-288.
Kier, W.M. and Van Leeuwen, J.L. (1997) A kinematic analysis of tentacle extension in the squid Loligo pealei. Journal of Experimental Biology. 200: 41-53.
Van Leeuwen, J.L. and Kier, W.M. (1997) Functional design of tentacles in squid: linking sarcomere ultrastructure to gross morphological dynamics. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B 352: 551-571.
Thompson, J.T., Lowe, A.D. and Kier, W.M. (1998) The columellar muscle of prosobranch gastropods: morphological zonation and its functional implications. Invertebrate Biology. 117: 45-56.
Van Leeuwen, J.L. and Kier, W.M. (1998) Dynamics and scaling of the tentacles in squid. Biona Report 13: 9-10.
Johnsen, S. and Kier, W.M. (1998) Damage due to solar ultraviolet radiation in the brittlestar Ophioderma brevispinum (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the U.K. 78: 681-684.
Nishikawa, K., Smith, K.K. and Kier, W.M. (1999) Morphology and mechanics of tongue movement in the African pig-nosed frog Hemisus marmoratum: a muscular hydrostatic model. The Journal of Experimental Biology 202: 771-780.
Johnsen, S. and Kier, W.M. (1999). Shade-seeking behavior under polarized light by the brittlestar Ophioderma brevispinum. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 79: 761-763.
Van Leeuwen, J.L., de Groot, J.H., and Kier, W.M. (2000) Evolutionary mechanics of protrusible tentacles and tongues. Netherlands Journal of Zoology. 50: 113-139.
Thompson, J.T. and Kier, W.M. (2001) Ontogenetic changes in mantle kinematics during escape jet locomotion in the Oval Squid, Sepioteuthis lessoniana Lesson, 1830. Biological Bulletin 201: 154-166.
Thompson, J.T. and Kier, W.M. (2001) Ontogenetic changes in fibrous connective tissue organization in the Oval Squid, Sepioteuthis lessoniana Lesson, 1830. Biological Bulletin 201: 136-153.
Kier, W.M. and Curtin, N.A. (2002) Fast muscle in squid (Loligo pealei): contractile properties of a specialized muscle fibre type. Journal of Experimental Biology. 205: 1907-1916.
Thompson, J.T. and Kier, W.M. (2002) Ontogeny of squid mantle function: changes in the mechanics of escape jet locomotion in the Oval Squid, Sepioteuthis lessoniana Lesson, 1830. Biological Bulletin. 203: 14-26.
Kier, W.M. and Smith, A.M. (2002) The structure and adhesive mechanism of octopus suckers. Integrative and Comparative Biology. 42: 1146-1153.
Taylor, J.R.A. and Kier, W.M. (2003) Switching skeletons: hydrostatic support in molting crabs. Science. 301: 209-210.
Kier, W.M. and Thompson, J.T. (2003) Muscle arrangement, function and specialization in recent coleoids. Berliner Paläobiologische Abhandlungen 03: 141-162.
Uyeno, T. A. and Kier, W. M. (2005) Functional morphology of the cephalopod buccal mass: a novel joint type. Journal of Morphology. 264: 211-222.
Walker, I.D., Dawson, D.M., Flash, T., Grasso, F.W., Hanlon, R.T., Hochner, B., Kier, W.M., Pagano, C.C., Rahn, C.D. and Zhang, Q.M. (2005) Continuum Robot Arms Inspired by Cephalopods. Proceedings of SPIE. 5804: 303-314.
Taylor, J.R.A. and Kier, W.M. (2006) A pneumo-hydrostatic skeleton in land crabs. Nature. 440: 1005.
Thompson, J.T. and Kier, W.M. (2006) Ontogeny of mantle musculature and implications for jet locomotion in oval squid Sepioteuthis lessoniana. Journal of Experimental Biology. 209: 433-443.
Uyeno, T.A. and Kier, W.M. (2007) Electromyography of the buccal musculature of octopus (Octopus bimaculoides): a test of the function of the muscle articulation in support and movement. Journal of Experimental Biology. 210: 118-128.
Kier, W.M. and Stella, M.P. (2007) The arrangement and function of octopus arm musculature and connective tissue. Journal of Morphology. 268: 831-843.