Stated prerequisites are understood to mean "or equivalent" and may be waived by the course instructor for students who are adequately prepared.

NOTE: Biology 11-11L is the prerequisite for most advanced work in biology. However, entering Freshmen may earn placement credit for Biology 11-11L by either: (1) scoring 3 or higher on the Biology Advanced Placement examination or (2) taking and passing the Department of Biology placement test offered several times during the year.

1 Biology Inquiry (1). No prerequisite. A seminar course that focuses on how biologists ask questions and resolve controversy. Students read and discuss excerpts from the original literature. Designed for freshmen but open to all interested students. Fall and spring. Pukkila and staff.

6 First Year Seminars (3). Designed to enable first-year students to work closely with top professors in classes that enroll twenty students or fewer. See the directory of classes for specific offerings.

8 Biology of Human Disease (Pathology 8) (3). Open to all undergraduates. No prerequisites. Presents an overview of basic human molecular and cellular biology in the setting of common human diseases. The course will emphasize how an understanding of disease mechanisms provides the knowledge base for informed use of modern health care. Spring. Reisner, Smith. BA-level and General College-level natural science (no lab) perspectives.

10 Issues in Modern Biology (3). For students not majoring in biology. (Students who have taken any other course in the Biology Department may not register for this course). Recent advances in the understanding of major principles in biology. Emphasis to include the relevance and application of such advances to humans, society, and the environment. Three lecture hours a week. Spring. Litaker. (GC Natural Sciences (no lab) perspective.)

11 Principles of Biology (3). Open to all undergraduates. Prerequisite to most higher courses in biology. An introduction to the fundamental principles of biology, including cell structure, chemistry and function, genetics, evolution, adaptation, and ecology. (See Note above concerning Advanced Placement examination). Three lecture hours a week. Fall, spring, and summer. DeSaix, Gensel.

11L Introductory Biology Laboratory (1). Corequisite or prerequisite, Biology 11. An examination of the fundamental concepts in biology with emphasis on scientific inquiry. Biological systems will be analyzed through experimentation, dissection, and observation. Three laboratory hours a week. Fall, spring, and summer. Stegenga, Staff.

41 Plant Biology (4). Prerequisites, Biology 11, 11L. Designed for students with an interest in natural sciences. An introduction to the principles of botany including structure, function, reproduction, heredity, environmental relationships, evolution, and classification of plants. Three lectures and three laboratory hours a week. Spring. Gensel, Hommersand.

43 Local Flora (4). Prerequisites, Biology 11, 11L. Open to all undergraduates. Recognition and identification of vascular plants with emphasis on the use of keys and other identification devices. Two lecture and four laboratory hours a week. Spring. Massey.

45 Fundamentals of Human Anatomy and Physiology (4). Prerequisites, Biology 11, 11L. A multimedia-based course emphasizing the relationship between structure and function of the body's major organ systems. All students take two separate two-hour laboratories. In the anatomy lab students are guided in the use of computer-based human anatomy softwares. In the human physiology lab students perform a variety of computer-assisted noninvasive measurements and prepare laboratory reports using class data obtained in real time. Two hours of lecture and one hour of recitation weekly; four scheduled hours of laboratory each week. Fall. Bynum and Misch. Spring and summer. Bynum.

47 Horticulture (4). Prerequisite, Biology 11. The cultivation, propagation, and breeding of plants, with emphasis on ornamentals. Control of environmental factors for optimal plant growth. Laboratory exercises include plant culture, propagation, pruning, and identification of common ornamentals. Two lecture, one recitation, and three laboratory hours a week. Fall. Parks.

50 Molecular Biology and Genetics (4). Prerequisites, grade of C or better in Biology 11, 11L and Chemistry 11, 11L. Structure and function of nucleic acids, principles of inheritance, gene expression, and genetic engineering. Three lecture hours and one recitation-demonstration-conference hour a week. Fall, spring and summer. Dangl, Maroni, Searles, Bloom, Barry, Pukkila, Matson, staff.

51 Plant Diversity (4). Prerequisites, Biology 11, 11L. A survey of the major groups of plants emphasizing interrelationships, comparative morphology, and other topics of biological importance. Culturing techniques and some field work are included. Two lecture and four laboratory hours a week. Fall. Staff.

52 Cellular and Developmental Biology (4). Prerequisite, Biology 50. Fundamentals of cell structure and activity in relation to special functions, metabolism, reproduction, embryogenesis, and with an introduction to the experimental analysis of cell physiology and development. Three lectures and one recitation-demonstration-conference hour a week. Fall, spring, and summer. Salmon, Peifer, Bollenbacher, Jones, Reed, Staff.

54 Ecology and Population Biology (4). Prerequisites, grade of C or better in Biology 11, 11L and Chemistry 11, 11L. Principles governing the ecology and evolution of populations, communities and ecosystems, including speciation, population genetics, population regulation and community and ecosystem structure and dynamics. Three lecture and one recitation demonstration-conference hour a week. Fall, spring, and summer. Stiven, Reice, Peet, White, staff.

60 Introduction to Research in Biology (3) Prerequisite, Biology 50 or Biology 54. A seminar based on current investigations at UNC-Chapel Hill. Students will examine sources of scientific information, explore the logic of scientific investigation, and develop proposals for their own work. Not open to seniors. Students with Biology 60 credit may receive a maximum of 3 hours of graded credit in Biology 98A. Pukkila.

62 Introduction to Mammalian Physiology (3). Prerequisites, Biology 11, 11L. A basic course in mammalian physiology designed for preprofessional and Biology majors. The structure and function of the major organ systems will be discussed with an emphasis on system integration and body homeostatis. Three lecture hours a week. (NOTE: Students will not be allowed to receive credit for this course and Biology 45). Fall, spring, and summer. Staff.

62L Physiology Laboratory and Demonstration (1). Prerequisite or corequisite, Biology 62. A laboratory discussion class which presents current methodology used in monitoring the function of specific organ systems. Three laboratory hours a week. Fall, spring, and summer. Staff.

63 Structure and Evolution of Vertebrates (3). Prerequisites, Biology 11, 11L. A history of the human body with emphasis on evolutionary history of vertebrates and anatomical evolution of organ systems. Three lecture hours a week. Fall, spring. Feduccia.

63L Vertebrate Structure and Evolution Laboratory (1). Prerequisite, or corequisite, Biology 63. Vertebrate comparative anatomy of organ systems and their evolution with emphasis on human anatomy. Three laboratory hours a week. Fall, spring, and summer. Bynum.

64 Global Ecology: An International Perspective on Ecological and Environmental Problems (ENST 64) (3). Prerequisite, BIOL 54. Ecological basis of global environmental problems and their solutions. Topics include: human population growth; food and water shortages; biodiversity loss, deforestation; desertification; emerging diseases and climate change. These are elements in an interconnected ecological system at a global scale. Reice.

72 Vertebrate Field Zoology (3). Prerequisites, Biology 11, 11L. Introduction to the diversity, ecology, behavior and conservation of living vertebrates. Three lecture hours a week. Fall. Wiley.

72L Vertebrate Field Zoology Laboratory (1). Corequisite, Biology 72. Study of a diverse of vertebrates in the field. Three laboratory and field hours a week, including two weekend trips. Fall. Wiley.

73 Animal Behavior (3). Prerequisites, Biology 11, 11L. An introduction to animal behavior, with emphases on the diversity and adaptation of behavior in natural conditions. Three lecture hours a week. Fall and spring. Staff.

73L Animal Behavior Laboratory (1). Prerequisite or corequisite, Biology 73. Techniques of observation and experiments in animal behavior. Three laboratory hours a week. Fall and spring. Staff.

80 Biology of Insects (3). Prerequisites, Biology 11, 11L. Study of insects with emphasis on physiology, ecology, and behavior. Three lecture, discussion, and demonstration hours a week. On occasion. Staff.

80L Biology of Insects Laboratory (1). Prerequisite or corequisite, Biology 80. Identification of insects and laboratory studies in insect physiology, ecology, and behavior; student projects in insect biology. Three laboratory hours a week and field collections. On occasion. Staff.

90 Laboratory Intern in Biology (1 P/F). Prerequisites, 3.0 or higher in course in question and all Biology work, and permission of the instructor. Experience to include laboratory preparations, demonstrations, assistance, and attendance at weekly laboratory preparation meetings for the course. Interns will not be involved in any aspects of grading in the course. May be repeated with credit. Three laboratory hours a week. Fall, spring, and summer. Staff.

91 Laboratory Teaching Assistant in Biology (2 P/F). Prerequisites, 3.0 or higher in course in question and all biology work and permission of the instructor and the department chair. Experience and duties to include attendance at weekly laboratory preparation meetings for the course, laboratory preparations, demonstrations, instruction, and grading in one section of laboratory course. May be repeated for credit. Three laboratory hours a week. Fall, spring, and summer. Staff.

92 Senior Seminar (1). Prerequisite, faculty recommendation. Offered to seniors for more detailed and comprehensive exposure to unifying principles in Biology. Discussions and analyses of selected topics by students. Three seminar hours a week. (On demand). Staff.

94B Milestones in Biology and Medicine (3). No prerequisite. Introductory biology is recommended. The illnesses and infirmities of mankind have resulted in personal tragedies, scientific puzzles, and regional disasters. The biological basis, cultural associations and medical responses to major health problems from ancient times to the present will be considered. Spring. Misch.

95 Directed Reading (2-4). Prerequisite, permission of the staff. Extensive and intensive reading of the literature of a specific biological field directed by an appropriate member of the faculty. Written reports on the readings, or a literature review paper will be required. On demand. Staff.

96 Special Topics (2 or 3). Prerequisite, permission of the staff. An undergraduate seminar course devoted to consideration of pertinent aspects of a selected biological discipline. On demand. Staff.

96L Special Topics Laboratory (1 or 2). Permission of the staff. An undergraduate laboratory course covering aspects of a specific biological discipline. Laboratory reports will be required. Research work is not included in this course. On demand. Staff.

97 Special Topics in Organismal Biology (2 or 3). Prerequisite, permission of instructor. An undergraduate course devoted to consideration of pertinent aspects of a selected organismal biological discipline. Offered on demand. Fall, spring. Matthysse, Staff.

97L Special Topics in Organismal Biology Laboratory (1 or 2). Prerequisite, permission of instructor. An undergraduate laboratory course covering aspects of a specific organismal biological discipline. Laboratory reports will be required. Research work is not included in this course. Fall, Spring. Matthysse, Staff.

98 Undergraduate Research (1 - 3). Prerequisites, Biology 11, 11L, an overall 3.0 grade point average, and permission of a faculty research director. Open to juniors and seniors. Directed readings with laboratory study on a selected topic. A final written report is required in each term. May be repeated. Biology 98 credit from three to five hours may be counted as one lecture course in the major; or six hours and more of 98, or 98 and 99 credit, can be counted as a lecture course with a laboratory in the major. Fall, spring, and summer. Staff.

99 Senior Honors Thesis (4). Prerequisites, three credits hours of Biology 98, and permission of a faculty research director. See also the description of Honors and Highest Honors under Special Undergraduate Opportunities in Biology in the statement preceding course descriptions. Required of all candidates for Honors or Highest Honors in their senior year. Fall, spring. Staff.