The stated prerequisites should be interpreted to read "or equivalent" and may be waived by the course instructor for students who are adequately prepared.

101 Structure, Function, and Development of Plants (4). Prerequisite, Biology 52. A modern approach to growth, development, differentiation, and physiological processes in plants. Three lecture and three laboratory hours a week. Fall (alternate years). Jones, Staff.

103 Introduction to Plant Taxonomy (4). Prerequisites, Biology 41 or 43 or equivalent. Introduction to the taxonomy of vascular plants. Principles of classification, identification, nomenclature, and description. Laboratory and field emphasis on phytography, families, description, identification, and classification of vascular plant species. Three lecture and three laboratory hours a week. Fall. Massey.

104 Vertebrate Embryology (3). Prerequisite, Biology 45 or 52. Principles of development with special emphasis on gametogenesis, fertilization, cleavage, germ layer formation, organogenesis, and mechanisms with experimental analysis of development processes. Three lecture hours a week. Spring. Harris.

104L Vertebrate Embryology Laboratory (1). Prerequisite or corequisite, Biology 104. Descriptive and some experimental aspects of vertebrate development. Three laboratory hours a week. Spring. Harris.

105 Invertebrate Zoology (4). Prerequisites, Biology 11, 11L and one additional course in Biology. An introduction to the major invertebrate phyla emphasizing the morphology, behavior, classification, and ecology of marine invertebrates. Three lecture and three laboratory hours a week. Spring. Lohmann, Podolsky.

108 Microbiology (3). Prerequisites, Biology 50 or consent of the instructor. Bacterial form, growth, physiology, genetics, and diversity. Bacterial interactions including symbiosis and pathogenesis (animal and plant). Use of bacteria in biotechnology. Brief introduction to fungi and viruses. Fall. Matthysse.

108L Microbiology Laboratory (1). Prerequisite or corequisite, Biology 108. Sterile technique, bacterial growth and physiology, bacterial genetics, bacteriophage, and bacterial diversity. Fall. Matthysse.

109 Bacterial Genetics (3). Prerequisites, for undergraduates, Biology 108; for graduate students, a molecular microbiology course. Genetics of eubacteria with emphasis on molecular genetics including regulation of gene expression, transposons, operons, regulons, plasmids, transformation and conjugation. Spring. Matthysse.

110 Invertebrate Paleontology (Geology 132) (4). Prerequisites, Geology 16 or Biology 11; or permission of the instructor. A survey of the major invertebrate phyla represented in the geologic record, with emphasis on broad skeletal morphology, evolutionary trends, ecology, and biostratigraphic significance. Three lecture and two laboratory hours a week. Fall. Carter.

111 Algae (Marine Science 111) (4). Prerequisites, Biology 11, 11L. An introduction to the identification, biology, ecology, and evolution of algae. Two lecture and four laboratory hours a week. Spring. Hommersand.

113 Marine Algae (Marine Sciences 113) (4). Prerequisites, Biology 11, 11L. Structure, reproduction, systematics and ecology of marine algae. The laboratory will include field studies and culture techniques. Two lecture and four laboratory hours a week. Spring. Hommersand.

114 Avian Biology (3). Prerequisites, Biology 11, 11L and one additional course in Zoology. A study of avian evolution, zoogeography, migration patterns, behavior, food and feeding habits, and a survey of the families of birds of the world with emphasis on North Carolina avifauna. Three lecture hours a week. Spring. (Alternate years or on demand.) Wiley, Feduccia.

114L Avian Biology Laboratory (1). Prerequisite or corequisite, Biology 114. Avian anatomy, field biology, and a study of the birds of North Carolina. Three laboratory hours a week. Spring (Alternate years or on demand.) Wiley.

115 Strategies of Host-Microbe Interactions (3). Prerequisites, Biology 52 and 108, or equivalents. There is great variety in how microbes colonize and live with their hosts. The course will summarize strategies of pathogenicity, symbiosis, commensalism and mutualism. Evolutionary, cellular and molecular aspects will be analyzed. Spring (alternate years). Dangl.

120 Comparative Physiology (3). Prerequisites, Biology 11, 11L, Physics 24, 25. An examination of the physiology of animals using a comparative approach. Both invertebrate and vertebrate animals are discussed in order to elucidate general principles. 
Spring, Kier.

121 Introduction to Neurobiology (3). Prerequisite, Biology 52. Survey of neurobiological principals in vertebrates and invertebrates, including development, morphology, physiology, and molecular mechanisms. Three lectures a week. On occasion. Bollenbacher.

122 Human Genetics (Genetics 122) (3). Prerequisite, Biology 50. Pedigree analysis, inheritance of complex traits, DNA damage and repair, human genome organization, DNA fingerprinting, the genes of hereditary diseases, chromosomal aberrations, cancer and oncogenes, immunogenetics and tissue transplants. Three lecture hours a week. Fall. Sekelsky.

123 Pathogenic and Symbiotic Interactions of Plants with Microorganisms (3). Prerequisite, Biology 108 or equivalent. Pathogenic and symbiotic interactions of viruses, bacteria, and fungi with plants. Emphasis on molecular aspects. Spring. Matthysse.

124 Introduction to Immunology (3). Prerequisites, Biology 50, 52, or permission of instructor. This course provides a general overview of the evolution, organization, and function of the immune system. Instruction will be inquiry-based with extensive use of informational and instructional technology tools. Three lectures hours a week. Fall. Weintraub, Bollenbacher. (For more information, click here.)

125 Clinical and Counseling Aspects of Human Genetics (Genetics 125) (3) Prerequisites: Biology 122 and permission of the instructor. Principles of human genetics will be taught by case based scenarios and other class activities to teach how scientific and technological advances in the field of human genetics precipitate social and ethical dilemmas. Students will analyze, interpret, and communicate genetic information in a variety of written and verbal presentations on topics ranging from Mendelian inheritance to ethical issues in human genetic research. Successful completion of this course will allow students a broader understanding of the social and ethical implications of genetic knowledge. Active student participation is expected. Spring, Roche 

126 Oceanography (Marine Science 101; Environmental Science 127; Geology 101) (3). Prerequisites, Biology 11, Chemistry 21, and Physics 25, or permission. An interdisciplinary study of the sea and the interrelationship of marine processes. Three lecture hours a week. Fall, spring. Staff.

129 Laboratory in Cell Biology (4). Prerequisite, Grade of C or better in Biology 52. Modern methods to study cells, technical skills necessary for research in cell and molecular biology, knowledge of good lab practice, operation of technical instrumentation. Spring. Jones.

130 Introduction to Biological Chemistry (Chemistry 130) (3). Prerequisites, Chemistry 62, 62L; Biology 11. The study of cellular processes including catalysis, metabolism, bioenergetics, and biochemical genetics. The structure and function of biological macromolecules involved in these processes will be emphasized. Fall and spring. Biological chemistry faculty.

131 Endocrinology (3). Prerequisites, Biology 52 or 62. Principles of neuroendocrine and endocrine systems of vertebrates and selected invertebrates with consideration of the anatomy and physiology of glands of internal secretion. Hormone chemistry and interendocrine relationships are also emphasized. Three lecture hours a week. On occasion. Bollenbacher.

132 Evolutionary Mechanisms (3). Prerequisite, Biology 54. Introduction to the ecological and genetic mechanisms of evolutionary change, including population genetic and quantitative genetic approaches, natural selection, life history evolution, and evolutionary divergence and speciation. Three lecture hours per week. Spring (alternate years). Kingsolver, Pfennig.

134 Biology of Blood Diseases (Pathology 134) (3). Prerequisite, Biology 52 or permission of instructor. An introduction to the biology and pathophysiology of blood and the molecular mechanisms of some human diseases, including malignant neoplasms, anemias, hemophilias, thrombophilias, artherosclerosis, and viral infections. Church.

135 Taxonomy of Special Groups of Nonvascular Plants (2-6). Prerequisite, Biology 51. Field and laboratory identification and classification of special groups of nonvascular plants: 135a Aquatic Phycomycetes; 135b Marine fungi; 135c Fleshy fungi; 135d Mycetozoans; 135e Marine algae; 135f Freshwater algae. Nine laboratory hours a week. On demand. Hommersand.

139 Hormones and Evolution (Biochemistry 139) (2). Prerequisite, Biochemistry 100 or Biology 50 or Biology 52 or equivalent. An introduction to the chemistry of hormones and the biochemical mechanisms underlying their biological actions in an evolutionary perspective with emphasis on unifying concepts. Spring. Staff.

140 Biological Oceanography (Marine Sciences 104; Environmental Sciences 136) (4). Prerequisite, Biology 54 or 105 or permission. Physical, chemical, and biological factors characterizing estuarine and marine environments emphasizing factors controlling animal and plant populations including methods of analysis, sampling, and identification. Five lecture and five laboratory hours a week. Summer. Staff of Institute of Marine Sciences.

141 Special Problems in Marine Biology (Marine Sciences 141S) (3 to 6). Prerequisite, Biology 140 and/or permission of instructor. Comprehensive survey of problems and laboratory methods in any of the following areas: Mollusca (Chestnut), Vertebrate (Fahy, Schwartz), Fungi (Kohlmeyer), Ecology (Peterson). Hours and credits by prior agreement (with five or more laboratory and conference hours a week per unit credit), first or second summer terms (offered on demand at Morehead City, N.C.). Staff of Institute of Marine Sciences.

142 Plant Ecology (4). Prerequisite, Biology 54. Consideration of terrestrial, vascular plant ecology including environmental physiology, population dynamics, and community structure. Laboratory stresses collection and interpretation of field data. Three lecture and three laboratory hours a week. Fall. (Alternate years.) Peet.

143 Ecological Plant Geography (Geography 103) (3). Prerequisite, Biology 11 or Geography 10. Description of the major vegetation types of the world including their distribution, structure, and dynamics. The principal causes for the distribution of plant species and communities, such as climate, soils, and history will be discussed. Fall. (Alternate years.) Peet.

144 Developmental Biology (3). Prerequisites, Biology 50 or Biology 52 and Chemistry 61. An experimental approach to an understanding of animals and plants. The approach covers developmental processes, molecular, genetic, cell biological and biochemical techniques, with an emphasis on the molecules involved in development. Spring. Bautch, Peifer, Staff.

145 Experimental Methods in Ecology and Evolution (3). Prerequisite, Biology 54. Quantitative and experimental approaches in ecological and evolutionary research including the construction of hypotheses and the corresponding experimental designs and analyses. Discussion of specific experiments in population, community, and evolutionary ecological research. Three lecture hours per week. Spring (alternate years). Stiven.

146 Marine Ecology (Marine Sciences 146) (3). Prerequisite, Biology 54 or 105. A survey of ecological and oceanographic processes structuring marine communities in a broad range of habitats with an emphasis on experimental approaches to addressing both basic and applied problems in marine systems. Three lecture hours a week. Spring. (Alternate years.) Peterson, Hay.

147 Field Ecology (4). Prerequisites, Biology 54. Application of ecological theory to terrestrial and/or freshwater systems. Lectures will acquaint students with these systems and emphasize quantitative properties of interacting population and communities within them. The required laboratory will teach techniques and methodology appplicable for analysis of these systems. Individual and group projects will emphasize experimental testing of ecological theory in the field. Two lecture and six field hours a week. Spring (alternate years). Reice.

148 Marine Biology (MASC 148) (3). Prerequisites, MASC 12 or BIOL 11. A survey of plants and animals that live in the sea: characteristics of marine habitats, organisms, and the ecosystems will be emphasized. Marine environment, the organisms involved, and the ecological systems that sustain them. Fall. Moran.

149 Ecosystem Structure and Function (3). Prerequisite, Biology 54 or a course in limnology or geochemistry. Pattern and process in natural ecosystems, with stress on comparative approaches to ecosystems and analysis. Topics include primary and secondary productivity, nutrient cycling, and the biogeochemistry of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. Three lecture hours a week. On occasion. Staff.

149L Ecosystem Structure and Function Laboratory (1). Corequisites, Biology 149 and permission of instructor. Use of data to generate empirical models of ecosystem patterns or processes. Individual research projects. Three laboratory hours a week. On occasion. Staff.

150 Animal Societies and Communication (3). Prerequisite or corequisite, Biology 73. Comparative review of animal societies; diversity of social structure, social dynamics, communication, ecology, and evolution of social organization. Three lecture hours a week. Spring. (Alternate years.) Wiley.

151 Behavioral Ecology (3). Prerequisite, Biology 54 or 73. Behavior as an adaptation to the environment. Evolution of behavioral strategies for survival and reproduction. Optimality, and "games that animals play." Three lecture hours a week. Fall. (Alternate years.) Staff.

152 Plant Anatomy (5). Prerequisite, Biology 51. Introduction to the development and comparative anatomy of vascular plants. Practice in methods of anatomical microtechnique. Three lecture and four laboratory hours a week. Fall (on occasion). Staff.

153 Comparative Morphology of Vascular Plants (5). Prerequisite, Biology 51. Comparative morphology and evolutionary relationships of the Tracheophyta. Both living and fossil forms will be considered. Three lecture and four laboratory hours a week. Spring (alternate years). Gensel.

154 Neuroethology (3). Prerequisite, Biology 52 or permission. The neurobiological basis of animal behavior at the level of single cells, neural circuits, sensory systems, and organisms. Lecture topics range from principles of cellular neurobiology to ethological field studies. Fall (alternate years.) Lohmann.

155 Comparative Biomechanics (3). Prerequisites, Biology 11, 11L, Physics 24 and 25 recommended. Principles of fluid and solid mechanics applied to a variety of biological systems. Both invertebrates and vertebrates will be included. Spring (alternate years). Kier.

156 Evolutionary Ecology (3). Prerequisite, Biology 132 or permission of instructor. Advanced topics in the evolution of form and function. May include issues in life-history evolution, evolutionary physiology, evolutionary morphology, and the evolution of complexity. Three lecture hours per week. Spring. (Alternate years). Podolsky.

157 Problems In Vertebrate Evolution (Geol 157) (3). Prerequisites, Biology 63 or permission of the instructor. A study of the major transitions in vertebrate evolution and associated problems in evolutionary biology, structural change, paleoecology, biogeography and earth history, physiology and behavior. On occasion. Feduccia.

158 Evolutionary Genetics (3). Prerequisites, Biology 50 and 54. The roles of mutation, migration, genetic drift, and natural selection in the evolution of the genotype and phenotype. Basic principles are applied to special interest topics. Three lecture hours a week. Spring. Alternate years. Burch, Vision.

160 Developmental Genetics (3). Prerequisite, Biology 50. The genetic control and molecular basis for gene expression during development. Three lecture hours a week. Spring. Bautch, Peifer.

161 Principles of Genetic Analysis (Genetics 112) (3). Prerequisite for undergraduates, Biology 50. For graduate students, an undergraduate genetics course or permission of instructor. Analysis of recombination and other genetic interactions in prokaryotes, eukaryotes and viruses. Fall. Petes, Pringle.

162 Computational Genetics (4). Prerequisites, Biology 50, Computer Science 14, 15 or 16, Statistics 31. A study of the principles underlying sequence and genome analysis tools. Topics include alignment, gene finding, expression analysis, mapping, phylogenetics, and measuring sequence divergence and polymorphism. Course includes a one-hour computer lab. Fall. Vision.

163 Laboratory Experiments in Genetics (4). Prerequisite, Biology 50. Experiments using a range of organisms from bacteria to Drosophila, higher plants, and man to sample organismal and molecular genetics. One lecture hour, four laboratory hours. Spring. Grant.

164 Molecular Biology (3). Prerequisites, Chemistry 61 and Biology 50. Emphasis is on prokaryotic molecular biology, plasmids -phage and single-strand phages. Three lecture hours a week. Fall, spring. Stafford, Searles, Marzluff.

166 Unsolved Problems in Cellular Biology (3). Prerequisite, Biology 52. A survey of areas of current interest in cytology, embryology, and genetics with concentration on problems which remain unsolved, but which appear to be near solution. Three lecture and discussion hours a week. Fall. Harris, Pukkila.

167 Advanced Cell Biology (3). Prerequisite, Biology 52. An advanced course in cell biology, with emphasis on the biochemistry and molecular biology of cell structure and function. Three lecture hours a week. Fall. Staff.

169 Cancer Biology (3). Prerequisites Bio 50 and 52. We will use selected examples to illustrate how basic research allows us to understand the mechanistic basis of cancer, and how these insights offer hope for new treatments. Spring. Peifer, Duronio.

171 Molecular Biology Techniques (4). Prerequisite, permission of instructor; Biology 164 recommended. Experiments with bacterial phage, nucleic acid isolation and properties, recombinant DNA techniques and DNA sequencing. Additional hours in laboratory will be necessary to complete assignments. Spring. Stafford.

172 Cytogenetics (Genetics 172) (3). Prerequisite, Biology 50. Critical study of research papers concerned with the behavior and organization of chromosomes. Three lecture hours a week. Fall. On occasion. Barry.

173 Plant Genetics and Speciation (3). Prerequisite, Biology 50. Mendelian genetics of vascular plants, with emphasis on genetic phenomena characteristic of vascular plants and the role of heredity in speciation. On occasion. Parks.

175 Special Topics (3). Prerequisite, permission of the instructor. Content will vary. Three lecture and discussion hours per week by visiting and resident faculty. Fall, spring. Staff.

177 Nuclear and Cytoskeletal Aspects of Cell Division (3). Prerequisite, Biology 52. An advanced course in cell and molecular biology integrating genetic, biochemical, and structural aspects of nuclear and cytoskeletal events. Spring. Bloom, Salmon.

178 Advanced Molecular Biology I (Genetics 110, Biochemistry 110, Microbiology 108, Pharmacology 136) (3). Prerequisites, at least one undergraduate course in both biochemistry and genetics. DNA structure, function and interactions in prokaryotic and eukaryotic systems, including chromosome structure, replication, recombination, repair, and genome fluidity. Undergraduates should obtain instructor's permission before registering for this course. Fall. Griffith, Sancar, Matson.

179 Advanced Molecular Biology II (Genetics 111, Biochemistry 111, Microbiology 109, Pharmacology 137) (3). Prerequisites, at least one undergraduate course in both biochemistry and genetics. RNA structure, function, and processing in biological systems including transcription, gene regulation, translation and oncogenes. Spring. Kole, Fried, Baldwin.

181 Paleobotany (Geology 197) (4). Prerequisites, Biology 11, 11L and permission of the instructor. An introduction to the morphology, stratigraphic occurrence, and evolutionary relationships of fossil plants. Both macrofossils and microfossils will be considered. Three lecture and three laboratory hours a week. Spring. (Alternate years.) Gensel.

184 Conservation Biology (3). Prerequisite, Biology 54. The application of biological science to the conservation of populations, communities, and ecosystems, including rare species management, exotic species invasions, management of natural disturbance, research strategies, and preserve design principles. On occasion. White.

185 Population Ecology (3). Prerequisite, Biology 54. An advanced treatment of topics in animal population and community ecology, stressing analytical and interpretation approaches. Topics will vary from year to year and the course may be repeated with credit. Three lecture and discussion hours a week. Spring. (Alternate years.) Stiven.

185L Laboratory in Population Ecology (1). Corequisite, Biology 185 and permission of instructor. Methodology in the analysis and interpretation of population and community phenomena. Three laboratory and field hours a week. Spring. (Alternate years.) Stiven.

186 Community and Systems Ecology (3). Prerequisite, Biology 54. A holistic approach to ecology. State-space modeling of ecological processes. Other topics will vary but may include: spatial and temporal heterogeneity in communities and ecosystems; disturbance theory; decomposition; community structure and function; freshwater ecology. Spring. (Alternate years.) Reice.

186L Community and Systems Ecology Laboratory (1). Prerequisite or corequisite, Biology 186. Community and/or ecosystem modeling and computer simulation. Experimental analyses and validation in the field. Individual and group projects. Three laboratory and field hours a week. Spring. (Alternate years.) Reice.

189 Nucleic Acid Techniques (Genetics 189, Biochemistry 189, Physiology 189) (4). Prerequisites, some molecular biology, permission of instructor. An intense hands-on course for a two-week period covering recombinant DNA technology. Fee required; some scholarships available. Eight laboratory hours. Fall, spring or summer. Marzluff.

190 Frontiers in Cell and Molecular Biology (4). Prerequisites, two courses in Biology and permission of instructor. Does not count toward a major in Biology. Fall. (Available by correspondence.) Staff.

195 Field Biology at Highlands Biological Station (1-4). Prerequisites, Biology 11, or equivalent, or permission of instructor. Content will vary. Summer field biology at the Highlands Biological Station will generally focus on the special faunal and floristic processes and patterns characteristic of the southern Appalachian mountain region. Five lecture and three to five laboratory and field hours per week, depending on credit. Summer. Staff.

Highlands Biological Station 2000 Course Offerings