422 [108] Microbiology (3). Prerequisites, BIOL 202 or consent of the instructor. Bacterial form, growth, physiology, genetics, and diversity. Bacterial interactions including symbiosis and pathogenesis (animal and plant). Use of bacteria in biotechnology. Brief introduction to fungi and viruses.

422L [108L] Microbiology Laboratory (1-2). Prerequisite or corequisite, BIOL 422. Sterile technique, bacterial growth and physiology, bacterial genetics, bacteriophage, and bacterial diversity.

423L [163] Laboratory Experiments in Genetics (4). Prerequisite, BIOL 202. Experiments using a range of organisms from bacteria to Drosophila, higher plants, and man to sample organismal and molecular genetics. One lecture hour, four laboratory hours.

424 [115] Strategies of Host-Microbe Interactions (3). Prerequisite, BIOL 205 and BIOL 422, or equivalents. There is great variety in how microbes colonize and live with their hosts. The course will summarize strategies of pathogenicity, symbiosis, commensalism, and mutualism. Evolutionary, cellular, and molecular aspects will be analyzed.

425 [122] Human Genetics (GNET 425) (3). Prerequisite, BIOL 202. Pedigree analysis, inheritance of complex traits, DNA damage and repair, human genome organization, DNA fingerprinting, the genes of hereditary diseases, chromosomal aberrations, cancer and oncogenes, immunogenetics and tissue transplants. Three lecture hours a week.

426 [134] Biology of Blood Diseases (PATH 426) (3). Prerequisite, BIOL 205 or permission of instructor. An introduction to the biology and pathophysiology of blood and the molecular mechanisms of some human diseases, including malignant neoplasms, anemias, hemophilias, thrombophilias, atherosclerosis, and viral infections.

427 [127] Human Diversity and Population Genetics (3). Prerequisites, BIOL 202 and BIOL 201, or permission of the instructor. This course investigates the facts, methods, and theories behind human population genetics, evolution, and diversity. Specifically, it addresses questions of human origins, population structure, and genetic diversity.

429 [125] Clinical and Counseling Aspects of Human Genetics (GNET 635) (3). Prerequisites, BIOL 425 and permission of instructor. Topics in clinical genetics including pedigree analysis, counseling/ethical issues, genetic testing, screening, and issues in human research are taught in a small group format. Active student participation is expected. Three lecture hours per week.

430 [130] Introduction to Biological Chemistry (CHEM 430) (3). Prerequisites, CHEM 262 or CHEM 262H, CHEM 262L or CHEM 263L; BIOL 101. The study of cellular processes including catalysis, metabolism, bioenergetics, and biochemical genetics. The structure and function of biological macromolecules involved in these processes is emphasized.

434 [164] Molecular Biology (3). Prerequisites, CHEM 261 and BIOL 202. Emphasis is on prokaryotic molecular biology, plasmids, lambda-phage and single-strand phages. Three lecture hours a week.

435 [171] Molecular Biology Techniques (4). Prerequisite, permission of instructor; BIOL 434 recommended. Experiments with bacterial phage, nucleic acid isolation and properties, recombinant DNA techniques and DNA sequencing. Additional hours in laboratory will be necessary to complete assignments.

436 [131] Endocrinology (3). Prerequisite, BIOL 205 or BIOL 252. Principles of neuroendocrine and endocrine systems of vertebrates and selected invertebrates with consideration of the anatomy and physiology of glands of internal secretion. Hormone chemistry and interendocrine relationships are also emphasized. Three lecture hours a week.

438 [190] Frontiers in Cell and Molecular Biology (4). Prerequisites, two courses in biology and permission of instructor. Does not count toward a major in biology. Available by correspondence.

439 [165] Introduction to Signal Transduction (3). Prerequisites, BIOL 101, BIOL 202, BIOL 205. This course presents an introduction to signal transduction pathways used by higher eukaryotes. Several signaling paradigms will be discussed to illustrate the ways that cells transmit information. Three lecture hours per week.

441 [104] Vertebrate Embryology (3). Prerequisite, BIOL 252 or BIOL 205. Principles of development with special emphasis on gametogenesis, fertilization, cleavage, germ layer formation, organogenesis, and mechanisms with experimental analysis of developmental processes. Three lecture hours a week.

441L [104L] Vertebrate Embryology Laboratory (1). Prerequisite or corequisite, BIOL 441. Descriptive and some experimental aspects of vertebrate development. Three laboratory hours a week.

443 [144] Developmental Biology (3). Prerequisites, BIOL 202 or BIOL 205 and CHEM 261. An experimental approach to an understanding of animals and plants. The approach covers developmental processes, molecular, genetic, cell biological and biochemical techniques, with an emphasis on the molecules involved in development.

445 [169] Cancer Biology (3). Prerequisites, BIOL 202 and BIOL 205. Selected examples will be used to illustrate how basic research allows us to understand the mechanistic basis of cancer and how these insights offer hope for new treatments.

446 [166] Unsolved Problems in Cellular Biology (3). Prerequisite, BIOL 205. A survey of areas of current interest in cytology, embryology, and genetics with concentration on problems which remain unsolved, but which appear to be near solution. Three lecture and discussion hours a week.

447 [129] Laboratory in Cell Biology (4). Prerequisite, grade of C or better in BIOL 205. Modern methods to study cells, technical skills necessary for research in cell and molecular biology, knowledge of good lab practice, operation of technical instrumentation. Three lecture and three laboratory hours a week.

448 [167] Advanced Cell Biology (3). Prerequisite, BIOL 205. An advanced course in cell biology, with emphasis on the biochemistry and molecular biology of cell structure and function. Three lecture hours a week.

450 [121] Introduction to Neurobiology (3). Prerequisite, BIOL 205. Survey of neurobiological principles in vertebrates and invertebrates, including development, morphology, physiology, and molecular mechanisms. Three lectures a week.

451 [120] Comparative Physiology (3). Prerequisites, BIOL 101, BIOL 101L, PHYS 104, PHYS 105. An examination of the physiology of animals using a comparative approach. Both invertebrate and vertebrate animals are discussed in order to elucidate general principles.

452 [170] Mathematical and Computational Models in Biology (MATH 452) (4). Prerequisites, BIOL 202, BIOL 201, MATH 231, and either MATH 232 or STOR 155. This course will introduce analytical, computational and statistical techniques, such as discrete models, numerical integration of ordinary differential equations, and likelihood functions, to explore topics from various fields of biology. Lab is included.

453 [150] Animal Societies and Communication (3). Prerequisite or corequisite, BIOL 278. Comparative review of animal societies; diversity of social structure, social dynamics, communication, ecology, and evolution of social organization. Three lecture hours a week.

454 [158] Evolutionary Genetics (3). Prerequisites, BIOL 202 and BIOL 201 or permission of instructor. The roles of mutation, migration, genetic drift, and natural selection in the evolution of the genotype and phenotype. Basic principles are applied to special interest topics. Three lecture hours a week.

455 [154] Behavioral Neuroscience (3). Prerequisite, BIOL 205 or permission. The neurobiological basis of animal behavior at the level of single cells, neural circuits, sensory systems, and organisms. Lecture topics range from principles of cellular neurobiology to ethological field studies.

456 [157] Problems in Vertebrate Evolution (GEOL 456) (3). Prerequisites, BIOL 276 or permission of the instructor. A study of the major transitions in vertebrate evolution and associated problems in evolutionary biology, structural change, paleoecology, biogeography and earth history, physiology and behavior.

457 [148] Marine Biology (MASC 442) (3). Prerequisites, MASC 101 or BIOL 101. A survey of plants and animals that live in the sea: characteristics of marine habitats, organisms, and the ecosystems will be emphasized. Marine environment, the organisms involved, and the ecological systems that sustain them.

459 [195] Field Biology at Highlands Biological Station (1-4). Prerequisites, BIOL 101, or equivalent, or permission of instructor. Content will vary. Summer field biology at the Highlands Biological Station will generally focus on the special faunal and floristic processes and patterns characteristic of the southern Appalachian mountain region. Five lecture and three to five laboratory and field hours per week, depending on credit.

461 [112] Fundamentals of Ecology (ECOL 461, ENST 461) (4). Prerequisite, BIOL 201. Students will develop a comprehensive understanding of the field of ecology, including modern and emerging trends in ecology. They will develop literacy in the fundamental theories and models that capture ecological processes; emphasis will also be placed on the relevance of ecology and ecological research for human society.

462 [146] Marine Ecology (MASC 440) (3). Prerequisite, BIOL 201 or BIOL 475. A survey of ecological and oceanographic processes structuring marine communities in a broad range of habitats with an emphasis on experimental approaches to addressing both basic and applied problems in marine systems. Three lecture hours a week.

463 Field Ecology (4). Prerequisite, BIOL 201. Application of ecological theory to terrestrial and/or freshwater systems. Lectures will acquaint students with these systems and emphasize quantitative properties of interacting population and communities within them. The required laboratory will teach techniques and methodology applicable for analysis of these systems. Individual and group projects will emphasize experimental testing of ecological theory in the field. Two lecture and six field hours a week.

467 [156] Evolutionary Ecology (3). Prerequisite, BIOL 471 or permission of instructor. Advanced topics in the evolution of form and function. May include issues in life-history evolution, evolutionary physiology, evolutionary morphology, and the evolution of complexity. Three lecture hours per week.

469 [151] Behavioral Ecology (3). Prerequisites, BIOL 201 or BIOL 278. Behavior as an adaptation to the environment. Evolution of behavioral strategies for survival and reproduction. Optimality, and games that animals play. Three lecture hours a week.

471 [132] Evolutionary Mechanisms (4). Prerequisite, BIOL 202 and BIOL 201, or permission of instructors. Introduction to mechanisms of evolutionary change, including natural selection, population genetics, life history evolution, speciation, and micro-macroevolutionary trends. Three lecture hours plus two hours of laboratory/recitation per week.

472 [103] Introduction to Plant Taxonomy (4). Prerequisites, BIOL 271 and/or BIOL 272 or permission of the instructor. Introduction to the taxonomy of vascular plants. Principles of classification, identification, nomenclature, and description. Laboratory and field emphasis on phytography, families, description, identification, and classification of vascular plant species. Three lecture and three laboratory hours a week.

475 [105] Marine Invertebrate Biology (4). Prerequisites, BIOL 101, BIOL 101L, and one additional course in biology. An introduction to the major animal phyla emphasizing form, function, behavior, ecology, evolution, and classification of marine invertebrates. Three lecture and three laboratory hours per week.

476 [114] Avian Biology (3). Prerequisites, BIOL 101, BIOL 101L, and one additional course in biology. A study of avian evolution, biogeography, ecology, and behavior with emphasis on North Carolina avifauna. Three lecture hours a week.

476L [114L] Avian Biology Laboratory (1). Prerequisite, corequisite, BIOL 476. Techniques for the study of avian evolution, ecology, and behavior with emphasis on North Carolina birds. Three laboratory or field hours a week, including one or two weekend field trips.

478 [110] Invertebrate Paleontology (GEOL 419) (4). Prerequisites, GEOL 159 or BIOL 101, or permission of instructor. Introduction to the principles, methods of analysis, and major controversies within paleontology. Examination of the fossil record and its application to problems in evolutionary biology, paleoecology, paleoclimatology, and general Earth history.

490 [175] Special Topics (3). Prerequisite, permission of instructor. Content will vary. Three lecture and discussion hours per week by visiting and resident faculty.

501 [176] Ethical Issues in Life Sciences (3). Prerequisites, BIOL 202 and BIOL 205 and permission of instructor. A consideration and discussion of ethical issues in life sciences including cloning humans, genetic engineering, stem cell research, organ transplantation, and animal experimentation. Counts as a course numbered below 400 for biology major requirements.

514 [133] Evolution and Development (3). Prerequisites, BIOL 201, BIOL 202, BIOL 205. The course examines the mechanisms by which organisms are built and evolve. In particular, it examines how novel and complex traits and organisms arise from interactions among genes and cells. Three lecture hours per week.

522 [109] Bacterial Genetics (3). Prerequisites, BIOL 422. Genetics of eubacteria with emphasis on molecular genetics including regulation of gene expression, transposons, operons, regulons, plasmids, transformation, and conjugation.

526 [162] Computational Genetics (4). Prerequisites, BIOL 202 and COMP 101 and STOR 155. A study of the concepts underlying the bioinformatic tools used in genetics. Topics include alignment, gene finding, expression analysis, mapping, phylogenetics, and measuring sequence divergence and polymorphism. Three lecture and two laboratory hours per week.

536 [136] Macromolecular Structure and Metabolism (3). Prerequisites, CHEM 430; BIOL 202. Structure of DNA and methods in biotechnology; DNA replication and repair; RNA structure, synthesis, localization and transcriptional reputation; protein structure/function, biosynthesis, modification, localization, and degradation.

537 [137] Metabolic Chemistry and Cellular Regulatory Networks (3). Prerequisite, CHEM 430. Biological membranes, membrane protein structure, transport phenomena; metabolic pathways, reaction themes, regulatory networks; metabolic transformations with carbohydrates, lipids, amino acids, and nucleotides; regulatory networks, signal transduction.

542 [188] Light Microscopy for the Biological Sciences (3). Prerequisites, BIOL 205 and permission of instructor. Introduction to various types of light microscopy, digital and video imaging techniques, and their application in biological sciences.

551 [155] Comparative Biomechanics (3). Prerequisites, BIOL 101, BIOL 101L, PHYS 104, PHYS 105. The structure and function of organisms in relation to the principles of fluid mechanics and solid mechanics.

553 [152] Plant Anatomy (5). Prerequisite, BIOL 274. Introduction to the development and comparative anatomy of vascular plants. Practice in methods of anatomical microtechnique. Three lecture and four laboratory hours a week.

554 [153] Comparative Morphology of Vascular Plants (5). Prerequisite, BIOL 274. Comparative morphology and evolutionary relationships of the Tracheophyta. Both living and fossil forms will be considered. Three lecture and four laboratory hours a week.

555 [181] Paleobotany (GEOL 555) (4). Prerequisites, BIOL 101, BIOL 101L and permission of instructor. An introduction to the morphology, stratigraphic occurrence, and evolutionary relationships of fossil plants. Both macrofossils and microfossils will be considered. Three lecture and three laboratory hours a week.

561 [143] Ecological Plant Geography (3). Prerequisite, BIOL 101 or GEOG 110. Description of the major vegetation types of the world including their distribution, structure, and dynamics. The principal causes for the distribution of plant species and communities, such as climate, soils, and history will be discussed.

562 [141] Statistics for Environmental Scientists (ECOL 562, ENST 562) (4). Prerequisite, STOR 155 or equivalent. Introduction to the application of quantitative and statistical methods in environmental science including environmental monitoring, assessment, threshold exceedance, risk assessment, and environmental decision making.

563 [145] Statistical Analysis in Ecology and Evolution (ECOL 563, ENST 563) (4). Prerequisites, STOR 151, MATH 231. Application of modern statistical analysis and data modeling in ecological and evolutionary research. Emphasis is on computer-intensive methods and model-based approaches. Familiarity with standard parametic statistics is assumed.

564 [149] Ecosystem Structure and Function (3). Prerequisite, BIOL 201 or a course in limnology or geochemistry. Pattern and process in natural ecosystems, with stress on comparative approaches to ecosystems and analysis. Topics include primary and secondary productivity, nutrient cycling, and the biogeochemistry of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. Three lecture hours a week.

564L [149L] Ecosystem Structure and Function Laboratory (1). Prerequisites, corequisites, BIOL 564 and permission of instructor. Use of data to generate empirical models of ecosystem patterns or processes. Individual research projects. Three laboratory hours a week.

565 [184] Conservation Biology (3). Prerequisite, BIOL 201. The application of biological science to the conservation of populations, communities, and ecosystems, including rare species management, exotic species invasions, management of natural disturbance, research strategies, and preserve design principles.

579 [183] Organismal Structure and Diversity in the Southern Appalachian Mountains (4). Prerequisite, general biology, ecology, or permission of instructor. An examination of the field biology of selected fungi, plants, or animals of the Appalachian Mountains. The morphology, taxonomy, ecology, life history, and behavior of the organisms will be explored both in the laboratory and in the field.

621 [161] Principles of Genetic Analysis 1 (GNET 621) (3). Prerequisite for undergraduates, BIOL 202. For graduate students, an undergraduate genetics course or permission of instructor. Genetic principles of genetic analysis in prokaryotes and lower eukaryotes.

622 [168] Principles of Genetic Analysis 2 (GNET 622) (4). Prerequisites, BIOL 621 or GNET 621. Principles of genetic analysis in higher eukaryotes; genomics.

624 [160] Developmental Genetics (GNET 624) (3). Prerequisite, BIOL 202 and BIOL 205, and permission of instructor required for undergraduates. Genetic and molecular control of plant and animal development. Extensive reading from primary literature.

625 [270] (GNET 625) (2). Prerequisite, permission of instructor. Current and significant problems in genetics. May be repeated for credit.

631 [178] Advanced Molecular Biology I (BIOC 631, GNET 631, MCRO 631, PHCO 631) (3). Prerequisites for undergraduates, at least one undergraduate course in both biochemistry and genetics. DNA structure, function, and interactions in prokaryotic and eukaryotic systems, including chromosome structure, replication, recombination, repair, and genome fluidity. Three lecture hours a week.

632 [179] Advanced Molecular Biology II (BIOC 632, GNET 632, MCRO 632, PHCO 632) (3). Prerequisites for undergraduates, at least one undergraduate course in both biochemistry and genetics. RNA structure, function, and processing in biological systems including transcription, gene regulation, translation, and oncogenes. Three lecture hours a week.

639 [272] Seminar in Plant Molecular and Cell Biology (2). Prerequisite, permission of the instructor. May be repeated for credit. Current and significant problems in plant molecular and cell biology are discussed in a seminar format.

642 [177] Current Topics in Cell Division (3). Prerequisite, BIOL 205. An advanced course in cell and molecular biology integrating genetic, biochemical, and structural aspects of the cell cycle. Principles derived from a variety of biological systems. Extensive reading of classic papers as well as recent literature.

648 [282] Palynology (5). Prerequisite, consent of the instructor. A consideration of various aspects of palynology, including the morphology, structure, development, systematics, evolution, preparation techniques, and analysis of living and fossil pollen grains, spores, and other palynomorphs. Two lecture and six laboratory hours a week.

649 [254] Seminar in Cell Biology (2). Prerequisite, BIOL 205 or permission of the instructor. May be repeated for credit.

657 [140] Biological Oceanography (ENVR 520, MASC 504) (4). Prerequisite, BIOL 201 or BIOL 475 or permission. Physical, chemical, and biological factors characterizing estuarine and marine environments with emphasis on factors controlling animal and plant populations, including experimental approaches and methods of analysis, sampling, and identification. Five lecture and five laboratory hours a week.

659 [258] Seminar in Evolutionary Biology (2). Prerequisite, BIOL 471 or permission of instructor. Advanced topics in evolutionary biology.

661 [142] Plant Ecology (4). Prerequisite, BIOL 201. Consideration of terrestrial, vascular plant ecology including environmental physiology, population dynamics, and community structure. Laboratory stresses collection and interpretation of field data. Three lecture and three laboratory hours a week.

662 [247] Field Plant Geography (2). Prerequisites, BIOL 661 or 561 and permission of instructor. Intensive literature and field study of the plant geography and ecology of a selected region. Weekly seminar-style discussion followed by approximately nine days' field experience. May be repeated for credit.

663 [185] Population Ecology (3). Prerequisite, BIOL 201. An advanced treatment of topics in animal population and community ecology, stressing analytical and interpretation approaches. Topics will vary from year to year and the course may be repeated with credit. Three lecture and discussion hours a week.

663L [185L] Laboratory in Population Ecology (1). Prerequisites, corequisites, BIOL 663 and permission of instructor. Methodology in the analysis and interpretation of population and community phenomena. Three laboratory and field hours a week.

666 [186] Community and Systems Ecology (3). Prerequisite, BIOL 201. A wholistic approach to ecology. State-space modeling of ecological processes. Other topics will vary but may include: spatial and temporal heterogeneity in communities and ecosystems; disturbance theory; decomposition; community structure and function; freshwater ecology.

666L [186L] Community and Systems Ecology Laboratory (1). Prerequisite or corequisite, BIOL 666. Community and/or ecosystem modeling and computer simulation. Experimental analyses and validation in the field. Individual and group projects. Three laboratory and field hours a week.

669 [255] Seminar in Ecology (ECOL 669) (2). Prerequisite, BIOL 201 or permission of the instructor. May be repeated for credit.

691H [099A] Senior Honors Thesis (3). Prerequisites, permission of a faculty research director and three credit hours of BIOL 395 in the same laboratory. Students with six hours of BIOL 395 must take BIOL 692H. See also the description of honors and highest honors under Special Undergraduate Opportunities in Biology in the statement preceding course descriptions. Required of all candidates for honors or highest honors in their senior year.